History of African Countries

History of African Countries

History of African Countries

Introduction

The history of Africa begins with the emergence of hominids, archaic humans and at least 200,000 years ago anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) it`s scientific name of human, in East Africa , and continues unbroken into this as a active and patchwork of diverse and politically developing nation states. The earliest known recorded history arose in Ancient Egypt, and later in Nubia, the Sahel, the Maghreb and therefore the Horn of Africa.

Following the desertification of the Sahara, History of North Africa became entwined with East and Southern Europe while the Bantu expansion swept from modern-day Cameroon (Central Africa) across much of the sub-Saharan continent in waves between around 1000 BC(Before Crist) and 0 AD(Anno Domini) , creating a linguistic commonality across much of the central and Southern continent.

During the center Ages, Islam spread west from Arabia to Egypt, crossing the Maghreb and therefore the Sahel. Some notable pre-colonial states and societies in Africa include the Ajuran Empire, D'mt, Adal Sultanate, Alodia, Warsangali Sultanate, Kingdom of Nri, Nok culture, Mali Empire, Songhai Empire, Benin Empire, Oyo Empire, Kingdom of Lunda (Punu-yaka), Ashanti Empire, Ghana Empire, Mossi Kingdoms, Mutapa Empire, Kingdom of Mapungubwe, Kingdom of Sine, Kingdom of Sennar, Kingdom of Saloum, Kingdom of Baol, Kingdom of Cayor, Kingdom of Zimbabwe, Kingdom of Kongo, Empire of Kaabu, Kingdom of Ile Ife, Ancient Carthage, Numidia, Mauretania, and therefore the Aksumite Empire. At its peak, before European colonialism, it's estimated that Africa had up to 10,000 different states and autonomous groups with distinct languages and customs.

Africa's written history starts with the increase of Egyptian civilization within the 4th millennium BC(Before Crist), and in succeeding centuries follows the event of the various diverse societies beyond the Nile Valley. From an early date this has involved critical interactions with non-African civilizations. These ranged from the Phoenicians, who established the merchant empire of Carthage, to the Romans, who colonised all of North Africa within the first century BC(Before Crist). Christianity began its spread through large areas of northern Africa at this point , reaching as far south as Kush and Ethiopia. In the late 7th century, North and East Africa were heavily influenced by the spread of Islam, which eventually led to the looks of latest cultures like those of the Swahili people in East Africa , and powerful kingdoms including the Songhai Empire within the sub-saharan west. Farther south, Ghana, Oyo, and therefore the Benin Empire developed with little influence from either Islam or Christianity. The rise of Islam led to a rise within the Arab slave traffic that might culminate within the 19th century. This presaged the forced transport of African people and cultures to the New World within the Atlantic slave traffic , and therefore the beginning of the ecu scramble for Africa. Africa's colonial period lasted from the late 1800s until the arrival of African independence movements in 1951, when Libya became the primary former colony to become independent. Though Liberia being the first post-colonial independent country, established 1847. Modern African history has been rife with revolutions and wars also because the growth of recent African economies and democratization across the continent.

From the late 15th century, Europeans joined the slave traffic . One could say the Portuguese led in partnership with other Europeans. That includes the triangular trade, with the Portuguese initially acquiring slaves through trade and later by force as a part of the Atlantic slave traffic . They transported enslaved West, Central, and Southern Africans overseas. Subsequently, European colonization of Africa developed rapidly from around 10% (1870) to over 90% (1914) within the Scramble for Africa (1881–1914). However following struggles for independence in many parts of the continent, as well as a weakened Europe after the Second World War (1939–1945), decolonization took place across the continent, culminating in the 1960 Year of Africa.

African history has been a challenge for researchers within the field of African studies thanks to the scarcity of written sources in large parts of Sub-Saharan Africa . Scholarly techniques like the recording of oral history, linguistics , archeology and genetics are crucial.